upende wezimboni
Ezweni elikhulu lezimboni, upende wezimboni ufana nomqaphi othule, osebenza kahle futhi osebenza kahle, kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezindawo zezimboni onejazi eliqinile lokuvikela. Upende wezimboni olula wokulwa nokugqwala kanye nopende wezimboni osindayo, njengezinkemba ezimbili ezibukhali, ezinkundleni zempi ezahlukene, ndawonye ukuze kuthuthukiswe ngamandla imboni ephethe.
1. ukubaluleka kanye nentuthuko yopende wezimboni
- Upende wezimboni, njengengxenye ebalulekile yensimu yezimboni, ukubaluleka kwawo kuyabonakala. Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bopende basendulo kuze kube manje, upende wezimboni uye waba noshintsho olude.
- Ezinsukwini zokuqala, abantu babesebenzisa kakhulu izinto zemvelo ezifana namafutha emifino, ama-resin emvelo ukwenza izembozo ezilula zokuvikela imikhiqizo yokhuni neyensimbi. Ngokukhula kwenguquko yezimboni, intuthuko esheshayo yensimbi, imishini kanye nezinye izimboni ibeke phambili izidingo eziphakeme zezembozo zokulwa nokugqwala. Ngenxa yalokho, izembozo ze-resin zokwenziwa ezahlukahlukene zaqala ukuvela, futhi ukusebenza kopende wezimboni nakho kuthuthukiswe kakhulu.
- Namuhla, upende wezimboni usuyisimiso esikhulu sezimboni, esihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi nemisebenzi yemikhiqizo yopende. Awukwazi nje ukuvikela izakhiwo zezimboni ekugqwaleni, ekugugeni nasekugugeni, kodwa futhi udlala indima ekuhlobiseni ukubukeka nasekuthuthukiseni inani elengeziwe lemikhiqizo. Embonini yanamuhla, upende wezimboni unezinhlobo eziningi zezicelo, okubandakanya ukukhiqizwa kwemishini, imboni yezimoto, ukwakha imikhumbi, i-petrochemical, amandla kagesi kanye neminye imikhakha.
2, upende wezimboni olula wokulwa nokugqwala: ukukhetha okuhle kakhulu kokuvikela kwansuku zonke
Izimo nezici ezisebenzayo
- Upende wezimboni olula oluvimbela ukugqwala ulungele kakhulu indawo yokugqwala okulula. Isibonelo, eminye imishini yezimboni yangaphakathi, imishini emincane, ifenisha, njll. Lawa madivayisi avame ukuba sendaweni ezinzile, encike ezintweni ezimbalwa zokugqwala, ngakho-ke izidingo zokumelana nokugqwala ziphansi kakhulu.
- Izici zopende olukhanyayo oluvimbela ukugqwala ezimbonini ukunikeza isivikelo esilinganiselwe nokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezijwayelekile zokulwa nokugqwala ngendlela engabizi. Ngokuvamile lunamathela kahle futhi lungaxhunywa ngokuqinile ebusweni bezinsimbi, amapulasitiki, ukhuni nezinye izinto ukuvimbela ukungena kwezinto ezigugulekayo njengamanzi nomoya-mpilo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umbala wopende olukhanyayo oluvimbela ukugqwala ezimbonini ucebile futhi uyahlukahluka, futhi ungenziwa ngokwezifiso ngokwezidingo ezahlukene zemishini, okungagcini nje ngokudlala indima yokuvikela, kodwa futhi kuthuthukisa ubuhle bemishini.
- Ngaphezu kwalokho, upende wezimboni olula oluvimbela ukugqwala nawo unezinzuzo zokusheshisa ukoma okusheshayo kanye nokwakhiwa okulula. Kwezinye izimboni ezincane, ama-workshop nakwezinye izindawo, ngenxa yesivinini sokukhiqizwa esisheshayo, upende udinga ukukwazi ukoma ngokushesha ukuze usetshenziswe ngokushesha okukhulu. Upende wezimboni olula oluvimbela ukugqwala umane uhlangabezana nalesi sidingo, ungomiswa futhi uphole ngesikhathi esifushane, ngaphandle kokuthinta isimiso sokukhiqiza.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko kanye nezimiso zobuchwepheshe
- Izingxenye eziyinhloko zopende wezimboni olula olulwa nokugqwala zifaka phakathi ama-resin, ama-pigment, ama-filler, ama-solvent kanye nezinsiza. Phakathi kwazo, i-resin iyinto eyinhloko eyakha ifilimu yengubo, enquma izakhiwo eziyisisekelo zengubo. Ama-resin avamile yi-alkyd resin, i-acrylic resin, i-epoxy resin njalo njalo.
- Ama-pigment nama-filler adlala indima enkulu yokumboza, ukufaka imibala kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-coating. Ama-pigment anganika upende imibala ehlukahlukene, kodwa futhi athuthukise ukumelana nokukhanya kopende, ukumelana nesimo sezulu kanye nezinye izakhiwo. Ama-filler angandisa ivolumu ye-coating, anciphise izindleko, kodwa futhi athuthukise ubulukhuni be-coating, ukumelana nokuguguleka kanye nezinye izakhiwo.
- Indima yesinyibilikisi ukuncibilikisa i-resin nezinye izingxenye ukuze upende ube yisimo esifanayo soketshezi. Izithasiselo ziyinani elincane lezinto ezingeziwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwesimbozo, njengezithasiselo zokulinganisa, izithasiselo zokuhlanza, izihlanzi, njll.
- Isimiso sobuchwepheshe sopende wezimboni olula olulwa nokugqwala ngokuyinhloko ukuvimbela ukungena kwezinto zokugqwala ngokwenza ifilimu evikelayo eqhubekayo ebusweni bezinto ezimboziwe. Le filimu evikelayo ingaba yisithiyo esingokoqobo noma ungqimba oluqinisa amakhemikhali. Isithiyo esingokoqobo sakhiwa kakhulu ngokuqongelela kwama-pigment kanye nama-fillers ukuze kwakheke ungqimba oluqinile, okuvimbela ukungena kwezinto ezigqwalisayo ezifana namanzi nomoya-mpilo. Ingqimba yokuzinza kwamakhemikhali idlula ekusabeleni kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwe-resin kanye nobuso obumboziwe ukuze kwakheke isibopho esiqinile samakhemikhali, kuthuthukiswe ukunamathela kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kongqimba.
Izindlela zokwakha kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha
- Indlela yokwakha upende wezimboni olula ovimbela ukugqwala ilula kakhulu, futhi ingakhiwa ngokufafaza, ukuxubha, ukugoqa upende nezinye izindlela. Ngaphambi kokwakha, kubalulekile ukuhlanza ubuso bezinto ezimboziwe ukuze kususwe ukungcola okufana namafutha nothuli ukuqinisekisa ukuthi upende unganamathela kahle ebusweni.
- Ukufutha kungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokwakha upende olula oluvimbela ukugqwala kwezimboni. Kungenza ukufutha kusatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo ebusweni bento efakwe upende, kwakha ukufutha okubushelelezi nokuyisicaba. Lapho kufutha, kubalulekile ukunaka ukulawula ingcindezi, ibanga kanye ne-Engela yesibhamu sokufutha ukuqinisekisa umphumela wokufutha kanye nokufana kokufutha.
- Ukugqoka ibhulashi nokugoqa kufanelekile kwezinye izindawo ezincane noma ezimweni eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lapho ugqoka ibhulashi, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ibhulashi lekhwalithi enhle ukuze ugweme ukulahlekelwa amabristle athinta ikhwalithi yokugqoka. Lapho ugqoka ibhulashi, kuyadingeka ukukhetha i-roller efanele futhi ulawule ijubane namandla okugqoka ibhulashi ukuqinisekisa ukufana kokugqoka.
- Ngesikhathi senqubo yokwakha, kuyadingeka futhi ukunaka umthelela wokushisa okuzungezile kanye nomswakama. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa lokwakha lopende wezimboni olumelana nokugqwala olukhanyayo kufanele libe ngaphezu kuka-5 ° C, kanti umswakama ohlobene kufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-85%. Uma izinga lokushisa elizungezile liphansi kakhulu noma umswakama uphakeme kakhulu, kuzothinta isivinini sokomisa kanye nokusebenza kopende. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi senqubo yokwakha, kuyadingeka futhi ukunaka umoya omuhle ukuze kugwenywe ukuguquguquka kwezinyibilikisi kupende.
3. upende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala: inqaba eqinile ezindaweni ezinzima
Izimo nezici ezisebenzayo
- Uma ubhekene nezimo ezinzima kakhulu ezigqwalisayo, upende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala ube yisinqumo sokuqala. Njengobunjiniyela bolwandle, amakhemikhali kaphethiloli, amabhuloho amakhulu, amatheminali echweba, izikhungo zamandla kanye nezinye izinkambu. Lezi zindawo zivame ukubhekana nezici ezahlukahlukene zokugqwala okunamandla njenge-asidi enamandla, i-alkali enamandla, i-salt spray, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, umswakama ophezulu, njll., kanye nokusebenza kwezimbozo zokulwa nokugqwala kuphakeme kakhulu.
- Upende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala unokumelana okuhle kakhulu nokugqwala. Ungamelana ne-asidi enamandla, i-alkali enamandla, i-salt spray, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, umswakama ophezulu kanye nezinye izinto ezibangela ukugqwala ezinzima. Ukwakheka kwawo okukhethekile kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kwenza upende ube mkhulu kakhulu futhi uhlale isikhathi eside, okungahlinzeka ngesivikelo sesikhathi eside nesithembekile sezakhiwo zezimboni.
- Upende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala nawo unamandla okumelana nesimo sezulu kanye nokuguguleka. Enkambisweni yokusetshenziswa ngaphandle isikhathi eside, ungamelana nokuhlolwa kwezinto zemvelo ezifana nomoya nelanga, imvula neqhwa, futhi akulula ukuwufiphaza nokuqhekeka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, unamandla aphezulu futhi ungamelana nokuguguleka komshini kanye nokuthinteka.
- Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbala wopende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala uvame ukuba lula, ikakhulukazi ompunga nomnyama. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi endaweni enobungozi yokugqwala, ubuhle bombala akuyona into ebaluleke kakhulu, kodwa kugxilwa kakhulu ekumelaneni nokugqwala nokuqina kopende.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko kanye nezimiso zobuchwepheshe
- Izingxenye eziyinhloko zopende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala zifaka phakathi i-resin esebenza kahle kakhulu, ama-pigment alwa nokugqwala, ama-filler, izinyibilikisi kanye nezithasiselo. Phakathi kwazo, i-resin esebenza kahle kakhulu iyisici esiyinhloko sopende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala, okunquma ukumelana nokugqwala nokuqina kopende. Ama-resin avamile asebenza kahle kakhulu yi-epoxy resin, i-polyurethane resin, i-fluorocarbon resin njalo njalo.
- Umbala ovimbela ukugqwala uyingxenye ebalulekile yopende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala, ongadlala indima yokulwa nokugqwala. Umbala ovamile wokulwa nokugqwala yi-zinc powder, i-aluminium powder, i-zinc phosphate njalo njalo. Lawa mabala angakha ifilimu elivikelayo eliqinile ebusweni bezinto ezimboziwe, okuvimbela ukungena kwezinto ezigqwalisayo.
- Indima yokugcwalisa ngokuyinhloko ukwandisa ivolumu yengubo, ukunciphisa izindleko, kodwa futhi nokuthuthukisa ubulukhuni bengubo, ukumelana nokuguguleka nezinye izakhiwo. Indima ye-solvent ukuncibilikisa i-resin nezinye izingxenye ukuze upende ube yisimo esifanayo soketshezi. Izithasiselo ziyinani elincane lezinto ezingeziwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwengubo, njengezithasiselo zokulinganisa, izithasiselo zokuhlanza, izihlanzi, njll.
- Isimiso sobuchwepheshe sopende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala ngokuyinhloko ukuhlinzeka ngokuvikelwa okuphelele kwezinto ezimboziwe ngesenzo sokusebenzisana sezindlela ezahlukahlukene zokulwa nokugqwala. Okokuqala, upende oqhubekayo owakhiwe yi-resin esebenza kahle ungasebenza njengesivikelo esibonakalayo sokuvimbela ukungena kwezinto ezigqwala. Okwesibili, imibala elwa nokugqwala ingasabela ngamakhemikhali ebusweni bezinto ezimboziwe ukuze yakhe amakhemikhali azinzile avimbela ukugqwala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, upende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala ungathuthukisa kakhulu isici sokulwa nokugqwala sengubo ngendlela yokuvikela i-cathodic kanye nokuvimbela ukugqwala.
Izindlela zokwakha kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha
- Inqubo yokwakha upende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, idinga ithimba lochwepheshe lokwakha kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwakha obuqinile. Ngaphambi kokwakha, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukwelapha ngokucophelela ubuso bezinto ezigcotshwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ubuso buhlanzekile, bomile, futhi abunazo izinto ezingcolile ezifana namafutha. Izindlela zokwelapha ubuso zifaka phakathi ukuqhumisa isihlabathi, ukuqhumisa ngokudubula, ukukhahlela, njll. Lezi zindlela zingasusa ukungcola okufana nokugqwala kanye ne-oxide ebusweni bezinto ezigcotshwe, futhi zithuthukise ukunamathela kanye nezakhiwo zokulwa nokugqwala kwengubo.
- Ngesikhathi sokwakha, imingcele efana nobukhulu kanye nokufana kokumboza kufanele ilawulwe. Upende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala ngokuvamile udinga ukufakwa ezingqimbeni eziningi, futhi ubukhulu besendlalelo ngasinye bunezidingo eziqinile. Ukwakha kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokufutha yobungcweti noma amathuluzi okuxubha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi upende ungasatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo ebusweni bento emboziwe.
- Ngesikhathi senqubo yokwakha, kuyadingeka futhi ukunaka umthelela wokushisa okuzungezile kanye nomswakama. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa lokwakha lopende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala kufanele libe ngaphezu kuka-5 ° C, kanti umswakama ohlobene kufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-85%. Uma izinga lokushisa elizungezile liphansi kakhulu noma umswakama uphakeme kakhulu, kuzothinta isivinini sokomisa kanye nokusebenza kopende. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi senqubo yokwakha, kuyadingeka futhi ukunaka umoya omuhle ukuze kugwenywe ukuguquguquka kwezinyibilikisi kupende.
4, Ukukhetha nokusetshenziswa kopende olula olulwa nokugqwala kanye nopende wezimboni olwa nokugqwala osindayo
Khetha ngokuya ngendawo yokusetshenziswa
- Uma ukhetha upende wezimboni, okokuqala, kubalulekile ukunquma ukuthi ukhetha upende wezimboni olula olulwa nokugqwala noma olunzima olulwa nokugqwala ngokwendawo yokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezimboziwe. Uma izinto ezimboziwe zisendaweni ethambile yokugqwala, njengendawo yangaphakathi, imishini yezimboni ejwayelekile, njll., ungakhetha upende wezimboni olula olulwa nokugqwala. Uma upende wezimboni usendaweni elukhuni kakhulu yokugqwala, njengobunjiniyela beMarine, i-petrochemical kanye neminye imikhakha, udinga ukukhetha upende wezimboni olunzima olulwa nokugqwala.
Khetha ngokwezidingo zokulwa nokugqwala
- Izikhungo ezahlukene zezimboni zinezidingo ezahlukene zokusebenza kokulwa nokugqwala. Uma izidingo zokulwa nokugqwala zingekho phezulu, ungakhetha upende olula lokulwa nokugqwala kwezimboni. Uma izidingo zokulwa nokugqwala ziphezulu kakhulu, isidingo sokuvikelwa okuthembekile kwesikhathi eside, udinga ukukhetha upende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala.
Khetha ngokwesabelomali
- Intengo yopende olula oluvimbela ukugqwala ezimbonini iphansi kakhulu, ukwakhiwa kulula, futhi ifanele amaphrojekthi anesabelomali esilinganiselwe. Upende wezimboni ovimbela ukugqwala osindayo unentengo ephezulu kanye nokwakhiwa okuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ukusebenza kwawo okuvimbela ukugqwala kuhle kakhulu, futhi ifanele amaphrojekthi anezidingo eziphezulu zokulwa nokugqwala kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside kwenkonzo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwecala lesicelo
(1) Imishini yezimboni yangaphakathi: Kweminye imishini yezimboni yangaphakathi, njengamathuluzi omshini, imishini yokubumba nge-injection, njll., ngenxa yezici ezincane zokugqwala, upende wezimboni olula olulwa nokugqwala ungakhethwa ukuze upendwe. Upende wezimboni olula olulwa nokugqwala ungahlinzeka ngesivikelo esimaphakathi ngenkathi futhi uthuthukisa ubuhle bemishini.
(2) Imishini emincane: Imishini emincane ivame ukusetshenziswa ngaphakathi endlini noma endaweni emnene, futhi izidingo zokusebenza kokulwa nokugqwala aziphezulu. Upende wezimboni olula wokulwa nokugqwala ungakhethwa ukuze ufafazwe noma uxutshwe ukuze uvikele ubuso bomshini ekugqwaleni.
(3) Ubunjiniyela bezolwandle: Izikhungo zobunjiniyela bezolwandle bezilokhu zisezindaweni zasemanzini isikhathi eside, futhi zithinteka kakhulu yizici zokugqwala njengamanzi olwandle, i-salt spray, namagagasi. Ngakho-ke, upende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala kumele ukhethwe ukuze upendwe. Upende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala ungahlinzeka ngesivikelo sesikhathi eside nesithembekile sezikhungo zobunjiniyela bezolwandle ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwazo okuphephile nokuzinzile.
(4) Imboni ye-Petrochemical: imishini namapayipi emkhakheni wemboni ye-petrochemical ngokuvamile abhekene nendawo egqwalisayo enzima njenge-asidi enamandla, i-alkali enamandla, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu kanye nomfutho ophezulu. Upende wezimboni osindayo wokulwa nokugqwala kumele ukhethwe ukuze kupendwe ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuphephile kwemishini namapayipi.
5. umkhuba wesikhathi esizayo wokuthuthukiswa kopende wezimboni
Ukuthuthukiswa kopende wezimboni wokuvikela imvelo
- Ngokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo kokuqwashisa kwabantu ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo, upende wezimboni wokuvikelwa kwemvelo uzoba umkhuba wentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo. Upende wezimboni wokuvikelwa kwemvelo uhlanganisa kakhulu upende wezimboni osekelwe emanzini, upende wezimboni oqinile kakhulu, upende wezimboni ongenaso isinyibilikisi njalo njalo. Lezi zingubo zinezinzuzo zokukhishwa kwe-VOC (i-volatile organic compounds) okuphansi, okungenabuthi nokunganambitheki, ukuphepha nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, futhi kuhlangabezana nezidingo zentuthuko yezimboni zanamuhla.
Ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kopende wezimboni osebenza kahle kakhulu
- Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesimo sokugqwala esiqhubeka siba sibi kanye nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, ucwaningo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kopende bezimboni abasebenza kahle kakhulu kuzoba yinto ebalulekile esikhathini esizayo. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kopende bezimboni abanokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu, ukumelana nesimo sezulu okungcono, kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka okunamandla, kanye nopende bezimboni abanemisebenzi ekhethekile, njengezingubo ezivimbela umlilo, izingubo zokuvimbela ukushisa, njll.
Ukusetshenziswa kopende wezimboni ohlakaniphile
- Ngokuqhubeka kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, upende wezimboni ohlakaniphile uzosetshenziswa kancane kancane ensimini yezimboni. Upende wezimboni ohlakaniphile ungaqapha ukugqwala kwezinto ezimboziwe kanye nezinguquko zokusebenza kwengubo ngesikhathi sangempela ngokusebenzisa izinzwa kanye nobunye ubuchwepheshe, okuhlinzeka ngesisekelo sesayensi sokugcinwa nokuphathwa kwezikhungo zezimboni.
8. Isifinyezo kanye Neziphakamiso
Upende wezimboni okhanyayo ovimbela ukugqwala kanye nopende wezimboni ovimbela ukugqwala kakhulu kufana nezinkemba ezimbili ezibukhali emkhakheni wezimboni, ngayinye idlala indima ebalulekile ezimweni ezahlukene zokusetshenziswa. Upende wezimboni okhanyayo ovimbela ukugqwala uyonga, kulula ukuwakha, unombala ocebile nezinye izici, ufanelekela indawo yokugqwala okulula; Upende wezimboni oqinile ovimbela ukugqwala ngokumelana kwawo okuhle kakhulu nokugqwala, ukumelana nesimo sezulu esihle kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka, ufanelekela indawo egqwala kakhulu.
Uma ukhetha upende wezimboni, kubalulekile ukucabangela ngokuphelele indawo yokusetshenziswa, izidingo zokulwa nokugqwala, isabelomali kanye nezinye izici zezinto ezimboziwe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ngokuthuthukiswa kokuqwashisa ngezemvelo kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo yesayensi nobuchwepheshe, upende wezimboni onobungani nemvelo, osebenza kahle kakhulu futhi ohlakaniphile uzoba umkhuba wentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo.
Masiqaphele ukukhethwa nokusetshenziswa kopende wezimboni, futhi silwele ukudala indawo yezimboni ephephile, ethembekile futhi esebenza kahle. Ukuthuthukiswa kopende wezimboni kuzokwenza igalelo elikhulu ekuchumeni nasekuthuthukeni kwemboni. Masisebenze ndawonye, ngopende wezimboni wekhwalithi ephezulu ukuze kube nekusasa eliqhakazile lemboni!
Mayelana NATHI
Inkampani yethuibilokhu inamathela njalo ku-"'sayensi nobuchwepheshe, ikhwalithi kuqala, ukwethembeka nokuthembeka, ukuqaliswa okuqinile kohlelo lokuphathwa kwekhwalithi lwamazwe ngamazwe lwe-ls0900l:.2000. Ukuphathwa kwethu okuqinile ubuchwepheshe bokusungula, isevisi yekhwalithi esezingeni eliphezulu, ithole ukuqashelwa yiningi labasebenzisi.Njengochwepheshe, ifektri yaseShayina ejwayelekile futhi eqinile, singanikeza amasampula kumakhasimende afuna ukuthenga, uma udinga upende wezimboni, sicela usithinte.
U-TAYLOR CHEN
Ucingo: +86 19108073742
I-WhatsApp/Skype:+86 18848329859
Email：Taylorchai@outlook.com
U-ALEX TANG
Ucingo: +8615608235836(Whatsaap)
Email : alex0923@88.com
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-09-2024
