upende wezimboni
Emhlabeni omkhulu wezimboni, upende wezimboni ufana nomnakekeli othule, ngokusebenza kwawo okuyingqayizivele nokusebenza kahle, kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezinsiza zezimboni ezinejazi eliqinile lokuvikela. I-anti-corrosion elula kanye nopende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala, njengezinkemba ezimbili ezibukhali, ezinkundleni zempi ezihlukene, ndawonye ukuze kuthuthukiswe umkhakha wokuphelezela.
1. ukubaluleka nokuthuthukiswa kopende wezimboni
- Upende wezimboni, njengengxenye ebalulekile yensimu yezimboni, ukubaluleka kwawo kuyabonakala. Kusukela ekuthuthukisweni kobuchwepheshe bokupenda basendulo kuze kube manje, upende wezimboni uye wabhekana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo okude.
- Ezinsukwini zakuqala, abantu babesebenzisa ikakhulukazi izinto zemvelo ezifana namafutha emifino, ama-resin emvelo ukwenza izimbotshana ezilula zokuvikela izinkuni nemikhiqizo yensimbi. Ngokukhula koguquko lwezimboni, ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kwensimbi, imishini kanye nezinye izimboni kubeke phambili izidingo eziphakeme zezingubo zokulwa nokugqwala. Ngenxa yalokho, kwaqala ukuvela izinhlobonhlobo zokwenziwa kwe-resin coating, futhi ukusebenza kopende wezimboni nakho kuye kwathuthukiswa kakhulu.
- Namuhla, upende wezimboni usuyisimiso esikhulu sezimboni, esihlanganisa izinhlobo eziningi nemisebenzi yemikhiqizo kapende. Ayikwazi ukuvikela kuphela izikhungo zezimboni ekugqwaleni, ekugugeni nasekugugeni, kodwa futhi ibambe iqhaza ekuhlobiseni ukubukeka nasekuthuthukiseni inani elengeziwe lemikhiqizo. Embonini yesimanje, upende wezimboni unezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo, ezibandakanya ukukhiqizwa kwemishini, imboni yezimoto, ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi, i-petrochemical, amandla kagesi neminye imikhakha.
2, upende wezimboni okhanyayo ovimbela ukugqwala: ukukhetha okuhle kokuvikelwa kwansuku zonke
Izimo ezisebenzayo nezici
- Upende wezimboni olula ovimbela ukugqwala ulungele kakhulu indawo yemvelo yokugqwala okuncane. Isibonelo, ezinye izisetshenziswa zezimboni zasendlini, imishini emincane, ifenisha, njll. Lawa madivayisi ngokuvamile asendaweni ezinzile, engaphansi kwezinto ezimbalwa zokugqwala, ngakho-ke izidingo zokumelana nokugqwala ziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa.
- Izici zikapende wezimboni okhanyayo ovimbela ukugqwala ukunikeza ukuvikeleka okusesilinganisweni kanye nokuhlangabezana nezidingo ezijwayelekile zokunqanda ukugqwala ngendlela ethengekayo. Ngokuvamile inokunamathela okuhle futhi ingaxhunywa ngokuqinile ebusweni bezinsimbi, amapulasitiki, izinkuni nezinye izinto zokuvimbela ukungena kwezinto zokuguguleka ezifana namanzi nomoya-mpilo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umbala wepende yezimboni ezilwa nokugqwala okhanyayo ucebile futhi uhlukahlukene, futhi ungenziwa ngezifiso ngokuya ngezidingo zemishini ehlukene, engadlali nje indima yokuvikela kuphela, kodwa futhi ithuthukisa ubuhle bemishini.
- Ngaphezu kwalokho, upende lwezimboni olukhanyayo lwe-anti-corrosion lubuye lube nezinzuzo zejubane lokumisa ngokushesha nokwakhiwa okulula. Kwamanye amafekthri amancane, ama-workshops nezinye izindawo, ngenxa yejubane lokukhiqiza, upende udinga ukwazi ukoma ngokushesha ukuze usetshenziswe ngokushesha ngangokunokwenzeka. Upende wezimboni okhanyayo ovimbela ukugqwala uhlangabezana nje nalesi sidingo, ungomiswa futhi ulapheke ngesikhathi esifushane, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa isimiso sokukhiqiza.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko nezimiso zobuchwepheshe
- Izingxenye eziyinhloko zikapende wezimboni ezilwa nokugqwala okhanyayo zifaka ama-resin, ama-pigment, ama-filler, ama-solvents kanye nama-auxiliary. Phakathi kwazo, i-resin yiyona nto eyinhloko eyenza ifilimu yokugqoka, enquma izici eziyisisekelo zokugqoka. Ama-resin ajwayelekile yi-alkyd resin, i-acrylic resin, i-epoxy resin nokunye.
- Ama-pigments kanye nama-fillers adlala indima enkulu yokumboza, ukufaka imibala kanye nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwezingubo. Ama-pigments anganikeza upende imibala ehlukahlukene, kodwa futhi athuthukise ukumelana nokukhanya kopende, ukumelana nesimo sezulu nezinye izakhiwo. Ama-fillers angakhuphula umthamo we-coating, anciphise izindleko, kodwa futhi athuthukise ubulukhuni be-coating, ukumelana nokugqoka nezinye izakhiwo.
- Indima ye-solvent iwukuncibilikisa i-resin nezinye izakhi ukuze upende lube yisimo se-liquid esifanayo. Izithasiselo ziyinani elincane lezinto ezengezwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwe-coating, njengama-level ejenti, ama-defoaming agents, ama-dipersants, njll.
- Umgomo wezobuchwepheshe wopende wezimboni okhanyayo ovimbela ukubola ngokuyinhloko ukuvimbela ukungena kwezici zokugqwala ngokwenza ifilimu yokuvikela eqhubekayo ebusweni bezinto ezimboziwe. Le filimu evikelayo ingaba isithiyo esingokomzimba noma ungqimba oluzinzisa amakhemikhali. Isithiyo esingokomzimba sakhiwe ngokuyinhloko ngokunqwabelana kombala kanye nezigcwalisi ukuze kwakhiwe uqweqwe oluminyene, ukuvimbela ukungena kwezinto ezigqwalisayo njengamanzi nomoya-mpilo. Isendlalelo sokuzinzisa amakhemikhali siwukusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwe-resin nendawo eboshiwe ukuze kwakhiwe isibopho samakhemikhali esiqinile, sithuthukise ukunamathela nokungagqwali kwento enamathelayo.
Izindlela zokwakha kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha
- Indlela yokwakha kapende wezimboni okhanyayo ovimbela ukubola ilula, futhi ingakhiwa ngokufafaza, ukuxubha, ukugoqa nezinye izindlela. Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa, kuyadingeka ukuhlanza ubuso bezinto eziboshwe ukuze kukhishwe ukungcola okufana namafutha nothuli ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi upende ungaxhunywa kahle phezulu.
- Ukufafaza kungenye yezindlela ezivame kakhulu zokwakha upende wezimboni ezilwa nokugqwala. Kungenza ukumboza kusatshalaliswe ngokulinganayo ebusweni bento eboshiwe, kwenze ukugqoka okubushelelezi, okuyisicaba. Lapho ufutha, kuyadingeka ukuthi unake ukulawula ukucindezela, ibanga kanye ne-Angle yesibhamu sokufafaza ukuze uqinisekise umphumela we-spray kanye nokufana kwe-coating.
- I-brush and roll coating ifaneleka kwezinye izindawo ezincane noma izimo eziyinkimbinkimbi. Lapho uxubha, kuyadingeka ukusebenzisa ibhulashi lekhwalithi elihle ukuze ugweme ukulahlekelwa ama-bristles okuthinta ikhwalithi yokugqoka. Lapho ugoqa ukugqoka, kuyadingeka ukukhetha i-roller efanelekile futhi ulawule isivinini namandla we-rolling coating ukuze uqinisekise ukufana kokugqoka.
- Phakathi nenqubo yokwakha, kuyadingeka futhi ukunaka umthelela wokushisa okuzungezile nomswakama. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa lokwakha likapende wezimboni ezilwa nokugqwala kufanele libe ngaphezu kuka-5 ° C, futhi umswakama ohlobene kufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-85%. Uma izinga lokushisa le-ambient liphansi kakhulu noma umswakama uphezulu kakhulu, kuzothinta isivinini sokumisa nokusebenza kopende. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi senqubo yokwakha, kuyadingeka futhi ukunaka umoya omuhle ukuze ugweme ukuvuthwa kwama-solvents epende.
3. upende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala: inqaba eqinile ezindaweni ezinokhahlo
Izimo ezisebenzayo nezici
- Uma ubhekene nezindawo ezigqwala kakhulu, upende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala usuyinketho yokuqala. Njengobunjiniyela basolwandle, i-petrochemical, amabhuloho amakhulu, amatheminali echweba, izinsiza zikagesi neminye imikhakha. Lezi zindawo zivame ukubhekana nezinto ezihlukene zokugqwala okuqinile njenge-asidi eqinile, i-alkali eqinile, isifutho sikasawoti, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, umswakama ophezulu, njll., kanye nokusebenza kwezindwangu zokulwa nokugqwala kuphezulu kakhulu.
- Upende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala unokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu. Ingakwazi ukumelana ne-asidi eqinile, i-alkali eqinile, isifutho sikasawoti, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu, umswakama ophezulu kanye nezinye izici ezinzima zokugqwala. Ukwakhiwa kwayo okukhethekile kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kwenza ukunamathela kuminyene kakhulu futhi kuhlale isikhathi eside, okunganikeza ukuvikelwa kwesikhathi eside nokuthembekile kwezindawo zezimboni.
- Upende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala nawo unokumelana nesimo sezulu esihle nokumelana nokugqokwa. Enqubweni yokusetshenziswa kwangaphandle isikhathi eside, ingakwazi ukumelana nokuhlolwa kwezinto zemvelo ezifana nomoya nelanga, imvula neqhwa, futhi akulula ukufiphala nokugqamuka. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ibuye ibe nobulukhuni obukhulu namandla, futhi ingamelana nokugqoka komshini kanye nomthelela.
- Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbala wopende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala ngokuvamile ulula, ikakhulukazi ompunga nomnyama. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi esimweni esibi esibi kakhulu, ubuhle bombala akuwona ukucatshangelwa okuyinhloko, kodwa ukunakwa okwengeziwe kukhokhelwa ukumelana nokugqwala nokuqina kopende.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko nezimiso zobuchwepheshe
- Izingxenye eziyinhloko zikapende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala zihlanganisa i-resin yokusebenza ephezulu, ama-pigment anti-rust, ama-filler, ama-solvents nezithasiselo. Phakathi kwazo, i-resin yokusebenza ephezulu iyingxenye eyinhloko kapende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala, onquma ukumelana nokugqwala nokuqina kopende. Ama-resin ajwayelekile asebenza kahle yi-epoxy resin, i-polyurethane resin, i-fluorocarbon resin nokunye.
- I-anti-rust pigment iyingxenye ebalulekile yopende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala, ongadlala indima yokuqeda ukugqwala. Izingulube ezivamile zokulwa nokugqwala yimpushana ye-zinc, i-aluminium powder, i-zinc phosphate nokunye. Lezi mibala zingakha ifilimu elivikelayo eliminyene ebusweni bezinto ezimboziwe, ukuvimbela ukungena kwezinto ezonakalisayo.
- Indima ye-filler ngokuyinhloko ukwandisa umthamo we-coating, ukunciphisa izindleko, kodwa futhi ukuthuthukisa ubulukhuni be-coating, ukumelana nokugqoka nezinye izakhiwo. Indima ye-solvent iwukuncibilikisa i-resin nezinye izakhi ukuze upende lube yisimo se-liquid esifanayo. Izithasiselo ziyinani elincane lezinto ezengezwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwe-coating, njengama-level ejenti, ama-defoaming agents, ama-dipersants, njll.
- Isimiso sobuchwepheshe sikapende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala uwukunikeza ngokuyinhloko ukuvikeleka okuyindilinga kwezinto ezimboziwe ngesenzo se-synergistic sezindlela ezihlukahlukene zokunqanda ukugqwala. Okokuqala, ukugqoka okuqhubekayo okwakhiwa yi-resin ephezulu yokusebenza kungasebenza njengesithiyo somzimba ukuvimbela ukungena kwezinto ezilimazayo. Okwesibili, izingulube ezilwa nokugqwala zingasabela ngamakhemikhali ebusweni bezinto ezimboziwe ukuze zenze izinhlanganisela ezizinzile ezivimbela ukugqwala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, upende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala ungaphinde uthuthukise indawo evimbela ukubola kwento enamathelayo ngokusebenzisa indlela yokuvikela i-cathodic kanye nokuvimbela ukugqwala.
Izindlela zokwakha kanye nezinyathelo zokuphepha
- Inqubo yokwakha kapende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala iyinkimbinkimbi, idinga ithimba labakhi abaqeqeshiwe kanye nobuchwepheshe bokwakha obuqinile. Ngaphambi kokwakhiwa, ngokuvamile kuyadingeka ukuphatha ngokuqinile ingaphezulu lezinto ezimboziwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi indawo engaphezulu ihlanzekile, yomile, futhi ayinakho ukungcola okufana namafutha. Izindlela zokwelapha ezingaphezulu zifaka i-sandblasting, i-shot blasting, pickling, njll. Lezi zindlela zingasusa ukungcola okufana nokugqwala ne-oxide ebusweni bezinto ezimboziwe, futhi zithuthukise ukunamathela kanye nezakhiwo zokulwa nokubola kwengubo.
- Ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa, imingcele efana nokushuba nokufana kwe-coating kufanele ilawulwe. Opende bezimboni abasindayo abavimbela ukugqwala ngokuvamile badinga ukusetshenziswa ezendlalelo eziningi, futhi ukujiya kwesendlalelo ngasinye kunezidingo eziqinile. Ukwakhiwa kudinga ukusetshenziswa kwemishini yokufafaza yobungcweti noma amathuluzi ebhulashi ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi upende ungasatshalaliswa ngokulinganayo ebusweni bezinto ezimboziwe.
- Phakathi nenqubo yokwakha, kuyadingeka futhi ukunaka umthelela wokushisa okuzungezile nomswakama. Ngokuvamile, izinga lokushisa lokwakha likapende wezimboni ezisindayo kufanele libe ngaphezu kuka-5 ° C, futhi umswakama ohlobene kufanele ube ngaphansi kuka-85%. Uma izinga lokushisa le-ambient liphansi kakhulu noma umswakama uphezulu kakhulu, kuzothinta isivinini sokumisa nokusebenza kopende. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesikhathi senqubo yokwakha, kuyadingeka futhi ukunaka umoya omuhle ukuze ugweme ukuvuthwa kwama-solvents epende.
4, Ukukhethwa kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-anti-corrosion elula kanye ne-anti-corrosion industrial paint
Khetha ngokuya ngendawo oyisebenzisayo
- Lapho ukhetha upende wezimboni, okokuqala, kuyadingeka ukunquma ukuthi ukhetha upende olula olwe-anti-corrosion noma upende osindayo we-anti-corrosion wezimboni ngokuya ngendawo yokusetshenziswa kwezinto eziboshwe. Uma okokusebenza okuboshiwe kusendaweni yokugqwala ethambile, njengendawo engaphakathi endlini, okokusebenza okujwayelekile kwezimboni, njll., ungakhetha upende wezimboni okhanyayo ovimbela ukugqwala. Uma i-coating isesimweni esibi kakhulu esonakalisayo, njengobunjiniyela basolwandle, i-petrochemical kanye nezinye izinkambu, udinga ukukhetha upende wezimboni osindayo ophikisana nokugqwala.
Khetha ngokuya ngezidingo zokunqanda ukugqwala
- Izikhungo zezimboni ezihlukene zinezidingo ezihlukene zokusebenza kwe-anti-corrosion. Uma izidingo zokunqanda ukugqwala zingekho phezulu, ungakhetha upende okhanyayo wezimboni wokulwa nokugqwala. Uma izidingo zokulwa nokugqwala ziphakeme kakhulu, isidingo sokuvikelwa okuthembekile isikhathi eside, udinga ukukhetha upende osindayo wezimboni zokulwa nokugqwala.
Khetha ngokuvumelana nesabelomali
- Intengo yopende wezimboni ezilwa nokugqwala okhanyayo iphansi kakhulu, ukwakhiwa kulula, futhi kufanelekile kumaphrojekthi anesabelomali esilinganiselwe. Upende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala unenani eliphezulu kanye nokwakhiwa okuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa ukusebenza kwawo kokunqanda ukugqwala kuhle kakhulu, futhi kufanelekile kumaphrojekthi anezidingo eziphakeme zokulwa nokugqwala kanye nempilo ende yesevisi.
Ukuhlaziywa kwecala lesicelo
(1) Izinto ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini zasendlini: Kwezinye izinto ezisetshenziswa ezimbonini zasendlini, njengamathuluzi omshini, imishini yokubumba umjovo, njll., ngenxa yezici ezincane zokugqwala, upende lwezimboni olula ukugqwala lungakhethwa ukuze lupende. Upende wezimboni okhanyayo ovimbela ukubola unganikeza ukuvikeleka okusesilinganisweni kuyilapho uthuthukisa ubuhle bezinto zokusebenza.
(2) Imishini emincane: Imishini emincane ivamise ukusetshenziswa endlini noma endaweni ethambile, futhi izimfuneko zokusebenza kokunqanda ukugqwala aziphezulu. Upende lwezimboni olulula oluvimbela ukugqwala lungakhethwa ukuze lufuthwe noma luxutshwe ukuze kuvikelwe indawo esebenza ngomshini ukuthi ingagqwali.
(3) Ubunjiniyela basolwandle: Izikhungo zobunjiniyela basolwandle sezinesikhathi eside zisendaweni yasoLwandle, futhi zithinteka kakhulu ngenxa yokugqwala okunjengamanzi olwandle, isifutho sikasawoti, namagagasi. Ngakho-ke, upende olusindayo lwezimboni olulwa nokugqwala kufanele lukhethelwe ukudweba. Upende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala unganikeza isivikelo sesikhathi eside nesithembekile sezikhungo zobunjiniyela basolwandle ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwazo okuphephile nokuzinzile.
(4) Imboni ye-Petrochemical: imishini namapayipi emkhakheni wemboni ye-petrochemical ngokuvamile ibhekana nemvelo egqwalayo efana ne-asidi eqinile, i-alkali eqinile, izinga lokushisa eliphezulu nokucindezela okuphezulu. Kumelwe kukhethwe upende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala ukuze upende ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza ngokuphephile kwemishini namapayipi.
5. intuthuko yesikhathi esizayo kapende wezimboni
Ukuthuthukiswa kopende wezimboni ovikela imvelo
- Ngokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kokuqwashisa kwabantu ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo, upende wezimboni wokuvikela imvelo uzoba umkhuba wentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo. Upende wezimboni ovikela imvelo ikakhulukazi uhlanganisa upende wezimboni osuselwe emanzini, upende wezimboni oqinile, upende wezimboni ongancibiliki nokunye. Lezi zembatho zinezinzuzo ze-VOC ephansi (i-volatile organic compounds) ekhishwayo, engenabuthi futhi engenambitheki, ukuphepha nokuvikelwa kwemvelo, futhi ihlangabezana nezidingo zentuthuko yemboni yesimanje.
Ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kopende wezimboni osebenza kahle kakhulu
- Ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nesimo esikhulayo sokugqwala kanye nezidingo zokuthuthukiswa kwezimboni, ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kopende bezimboni abasebenza kahle kakhulu kuzoba yingqikithi yesikhathi esizayo. Isibonelo, ukuthuthukiswa kwamapende ezimbonini anokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu, ukumelana nesimo sezulu esingcono, nokumelana nokugqokwa okuqinile, kanye nopende bezimboni ezinemisebenzi ekhethekile, njengezingubo ezivimbela umlilo, okokufaka ukushisa, njll.
Ukusetshenziswa kopende wezimboni ohlakaniphile
- Ngokuqhubeka okuqhubekayo kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, upende wezimboni ohlakaniphile uzophinde usetshenziswe kancane kancane emkhakheni wezimboni. Upende wezimboni ohlakaniphile ungaqapha ukugqwala kwezinto ezimboziwe kanye nezinguquko zokusebenza kwento enamathelayo ngesikhathi sangempela ngezinzwa nobunye ubuchwepheshe, okuhlinzeka ngesisekelo sesayensi sokunakekelwa nokuphathwa kwezindawo zezimboni.
8. Isifinyezo kanye neziphakamiso
I-anti-corrosion elula kanye ne-anti-corrosion enzima kapende wezimboni kufana nezinkemba ezimbili ezibukhali emkhakheni wezimboni, ngayinye idlala indima ebalulekile ezimweni ezihlukene zohlelo lokusebenza. Upende wezimboni okhanyayo ovimbela ukugqwala uyonga, kulula ukwakha, umbala ocebile nezinye izici, ulungele indawo yesehlakalo sokugqwala okuncane; Upende wezimboni osindayo ovimbela ukugqwala nokumelana nokugqwala kwawo okuhle kakhulu, ukumelana nesimo sezulu esihle nokumelana nokuguga, ofanele indawo enokugqwala kakhulu.
Lapho ukhetha upende wezimboni, kuyadingeka ukuthi ucabangele ngokuphelele indawo yokusetshenziswa, izidingo zokulwa nokugqwala, isabelomali kanye nezinye izici zezinto eziboshwe. Ngaso leso sikhathi, ngokuthuthukiswa kokuqwashisa ngemvelo kanye nenqubekelaphambili eqhubekayo yesayensi nobuchwepheshe, upende wezimboni ovumelana nemvelo, osebenza kahle kakhulu nohlakaniphile uzoba inkambiso yentuthuko yesikhathi esizayo.
Masinake ukukhethwa nokusebenzisa upende wezimboni, futhi silwele ukwakha indawo yezimboni ephephile, enokwethenjelwa futhi esebenza ngempumelelo. Ukuthuthukiswa kopende wezimboni kuzoba negalelo elikhulu ekuchumeni nasekuqhubekeleni phambili kwezimboni. Masisebenze ndawonye, ngopende wezimboni wezinga eliphezulu ukuze uthole ikusasa eliqhakazile lemboni!
Mayelana NATHI
Inkampani yethuibilokhu ibambelele "'kwesayensi nobuchwepheshe, ikhwalithi kuqala, ukwethembeka nokwethembeka , ukusetshenziswa ngokuqinile kwe-ls0900l:.2000 uhlelo lokuphathwa kwekhwalithi yamazwe ngamazwe.Ukuphathwa kwethu okuqinile kobuchwepheshe bokusungula, isevisi yekhwalithi yenza ikhwalithi yemikhiqizo, yazuza ukuqashelwa kweningi labasebenzisi .Njengemboni ejwayelekile futhi eqinile yamaShayina, singanikeza amasampula kumakhasimende afuna ukuthenga, uma udinga upende wezimboni, sicela usithinte.
UTAYLOR CHEN
TEL: +86 19108073742
WHATSAPP/SKYPE:+86 18848329859
Email：Taylorchai@outlook.com
U-ALEX TANG
TEL: +8615608235836(Whatsaap)
Email : alex0923@88.com
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-09-2024
